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Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Validation of temperature-sensitive radio transmitters for measurement of body temperature in small animals Mohammed Shobrak. A short summary of this paper. Validation of temperature-sensitive radio transmitters for measurement of body temperature in small animals. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use.

Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research.

Validation of temperature-sen- sitive radio transmitters for measurement of body temperature in small animals. Ardea 97 1 : — As part of a study on the core body temperature Tb of desert birds, we pur- posed to use temperature-sensitive implantable radio transmitters.

Because of the difficulty in recapturing these birds, we needed to know if these electronic devices held their calibration over the duration of normal battery life 21 days. We tested for drift in calibration and found that for the first 9 days of op- eration, most radio transmitters deviated by less than 0. Differences between predicted and actual temperature became pro- gressively larger with time, sometimes exceeding 2.

If possible, we sug- gest that transmitters be calibrated, implanted, and then after taking data on Tb of the free-living bird, the transmitters should be recovered and recalibrated. If it is not possible to recapture birds, then our data suggest that Tb predicted by pulse periods are reasonable up to 9—12 days after the initial calibration but data recorded beyond this time period are potentially suspect. Key words: temperature sensitive radio transmitters, body temperature, ther- moregulation 1Dept.

In endotherms, Tb is the centerpiece of method did not provide information about thermoregu- the concept of thermoregulation, the ability of an ani- lation of animals in their natural environment because mal to maintain its Tb within narrow limits despite this was a single point measurement made when ani- changes in its environmental temperature.

A relatively mals were being handled Avery , Taylor et al. Advancement in understanding thermoregula- metabolism or a high rate of heat loss, which in turn tion of free-living animals came when small tempera- may have evolutionary and ecological implications ture-sensitive radio transmitters were developed, con- McNabb , Lane et al.

Because of their higher rates of sensitive resistor as the sensing element. An increase in metabolism, birds have a higher Tb than mammals, on temperature altered resistance such that the frequency average 1. Investigators sometimes calibrated the antennae. However, one of the transmitters with a pulse period of transmitters against a standard labora- whip antenna failed after 4 days of operation, so we ex- tory thermometer, then implanted them into the peri- cluded it from analyses.

Thereafter pulse period have new batteries retrofitted. Hence measurement device. Rarely were transmitters recov- these transmitters were not stored in a refrigerator. Transmitters were sub- calibrate individual transmitters against a standard pre- merged in a digital Neslab circulating water bath, cision thermometer prior to implanting them Dolby et model RTE 7, and their pulse period determined at 37, al.

Transmitters remained in the water bath As part of a study on thermoregulation of desert at each temperature for 30 min to assure equilibration birds in Saudi Arabia, we used temperature-sensitive prior to reading of the pulse period.

After the initial cal- implantable radio transmitters. Every third would be difficult. Moreover, because we implanted transmitters Then we placed them in the Neslab water bath, and de- over several months, we wanted to assure that storage of termined their pulse period, again at 37, 40, 43, and transmitters in the refrigerator did not affect calibration. We continued this process for 21 days, the mini- mum life-expectancy of these transmitters as suggested Methods by the manufacturer.

For each determination of pulse Initially we purchased temperature-sensitive radio period at a given temperature, we recorded 3 consecu- transmitters of two different types, ten BD-2 14 x 6. Variation around readings was small, typ- 3. We purchased these two types of transmitters We used least-squares regression to determine the at the recommendation of the manufacturer given our relationship between pulse period and temperature for set of field circumstances.

The transmitters with a helix all radio transmitters. The rela- antenna are completely encapsulated, whereas the tionship between pulse period and temperature is transmitters with a whip antenna has a wire that ex- curvilinear over a large temperature range. We also cal- tends from the body of the radio. The bodies of both culated regressions using log transformed values for radio types were encapsulated in inert waterproof pulse period, but over the narrow range of temperatures epoxy by the manufacturer.

After we received transmit- that we measured, this did not improve the goodness of ters, we ensured that they were not emitting a signal, as fit. Therefore we ran linear regressions on untrans- suggested by the company, and then stored them in a formed data using General Linear Models of SPSS For all 8 transmitters, the average difference be- helix antennae whip antennae tween the calibration of the manufacturer and actual measured temperature was 0.

As radio transmitters continued to emit a signal, the magnitude of the deviation in calibration increased. Transmitter 76 failed after 16 days, whereas the other 3 transmitters with helix antennae functioned for 21 days. For transmitters with whip Figure 1.

Trans- and the pulse period measured in this study. Pulse periods of temperature-sensitive radio transmit- Figure 3. Error bars are within symbols. Each symbol represents a time. Each symbol represents a different day of calibration. Extreme values of transmitter 78 on different day of calibration. For the first 9 days of operation, 6 of 8 radio transmitters deviated by 1 less than 0. Trans- mitter 78 had altered the predicted temperature by transmitter numbers 4 whip antennae 1. After three days, transmitters gained an average mass Figure 4.

Graph representing the deviation in temperature pre- of Transmitter numbers are indicated. Extreme values of transmitter 78 on the last two days are not indicated in the figure.

Several of our trans- data not shown. We markedly. The fact that the refurbished calibrating it to assure that they have not drifted from radio transmitters showed similar patterns of devia- the initial calibration. When it is not possible to recap- tions from actual temperature as the original transmit- ture birds, then our data suggest that Tb predicted by ters suggests that our findings cannot be attributed to pulse periods are reliable up to 9—12 days after the ini- ageing of the batteries.

Alternatively, if the magni- Discussion tude of drift is known, as predicted by calibrations of a We evaluated the performance of small temperature- series of transmitters simultaneously run during the pe- sensitive radio transmitters commonly used in studies riod when other transmitters are implanted, then data of Tb on free-living animals.

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Validation of temperature-sensitive radio transmitters for measurement of body temperature in small animals Mohammed Shobrak. A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use.

Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder.

BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Validation of temperature-sen- sitive radio transmitters for measurement of body temperature in small animals.

Ardea 97 1 : — As part of a study on the core body temperature Tb of desert birds, we pur- posed to use temperature-sensitive implantable radio transmitters. Because of the difficulty in recapturing these birds, we needed to know if these electronic devices held their calibration over the duration of normal battery life 21 days.

We tested for drift in calibration and found that for the first 9 days of op- eration, most radio transmitters deviated by less than 0. Differences between predicted and actual temperature became pro- gressively larger with time, sometimes exceeding 2. If possible, we sug- gest that transmitters be calibrated, implanted, and then after taking data on Tb of the free-living bird, the transmitters should be recovered and recalibrated.

If it is not possible to recapture birds, then our data suggest that Tb predicted by pulse periods are reasonable up to 9—12 days after the initial calibration but data recorded beyond this time period are potentially suspect. Key words: temperature sensitive radio transmitters, body temperature, ther- moregulation 1Dept. In endotherms, Tb is the centerpiece of method did not provide information about thermoregu- the concept of thermoregulation, the ability of an ani- lation of animals in their natural environment because mal to maintain its Tb within narrow limits despite this was a single point measurement made when ani- changes in its environmental temperature.

A relatively mals were being handled Avery , Taylor et al. Advancement in understanding thermoregula- metabolism or a high rate of heat loss, which in turn tion of free-living animals came when small tempera- may have evolutionary and ecological implications ture-sensitive radio transmitters were developed, con- McNabb , Lane et al.

Because of their higher rates of sensitive resistor as the sensing element. An increase in metabolism, birds have a higher Tb than mammals, on temperature altered resistance such that the frequency average 1. Investigators sometimes calibrated the antennae. However, one of the transmitters with a pulse period of transmitters against a standard labora- whip antenna failed after 4 days of operation, so we ex- tory thermometer, then implanted them into the peri- cluded it from analyses.

Thereafter pulse period have new batteries retrofitted. Hence measurement device. Rarely were transmitters recov- these transmitters were not stored in a refrigerator. Transmitters were sub- calibrate individual transmitters against a standard pre- merged in a digital Neslab circulating water bath, cision thermometer prior to implanting them Dolby et model RTE 7, and their pulse period determined at 37, al.

Transmitters remained in the water bath As part of a study on thermoregulation of desert at each temperature for 30 min to assure equilibration birds in Saudi Arabia, we used temperature-sensitive prior to reading of the pulse period. After the initial cal- implantable radio transmitters. Every third would be difficult. Moreover, because we implanted transmitters Then we placed them in the Neslab water bath, and de- over several months, we wanted to assure that storage of termined their pulse period, again at 37, 40, 43, and transmitters in the refrigerator did not affect calibration.

We continued this process for 21 days, the mini- mum life-expectancy of these transmitters as suggested Methods by the manufacturer. For each determination of pulse Initially we purchased temperature-sensitive radio period at a given temperature, we recorded 3 consecu- transmitters of two different types, ten BD-2 14 x 6.

Variation around readings was small, typ- 3. We purchased these two types of transmitters We used least-squares regression to determine the at the recommendation of the manufacturer given our relationship between pulse period and temperature for set of field circumstances. The transmitters with a helix all radio transmitters. The rela- antenna are completely encapsulated, whereas the tionship between pulse period and temperature is transmitters with a whip antenna has a wire that ex- curvilinear over a large temperature range.

We also cal- tends from the body of the radio. The bodies of both culated regressions using log transformed values for radio types were encapsulated in inert waterproof pulse period, but over the narrow range of temperatures epoxy by the manufacturer. After we received transmit- that we measured, this did not improve the goodness of ters, we ensured that they were not emitting a signal, as fit.

Therefore we ran linear regressions on untrans- suggested by the company, and then stored them in a formed data using General Linear Models of SPSS For all 8 transmitters, the average difference be- helix antennae whip antennae tween the calibration of the manufacturer and actual measured temperature was 0. As radio transmitters continued to emit a signal, the magnitude of the deviation in calibration increased. Transmitter 76 failed after 16 days, whereas the other 3 transmitters with helix antennae functioned for 21 days.

For transmitters with whip Figure 1. Trans- and the pulse period measured in this study. Pulse periods of temperature-sensitive radio transmit- Figure 3. Error bars are within symbols. Each symbol represents a time. Each symbol represents a different day of calibration. Extreme values of transmitter 78 on different day of calibration. For the first 9 days of operation, 6 of 8 radio transmitters deviated by 1 less than 0. Trans- mitter 78 had altered the predicted temperature by transmitter numbers 4 whip antennae 1.

After three days, transmitters gained an average mass Figure 4. Graph representing the deviation in temperature pre- of Transmitter numbers are indicated. Extreme values of transmitter 78 on the last two days are not indicated in the figure. Several of our trans- data not shown. We markedly. The fact that the refurbished calibrating it to assure that they have not drifted from radio transmitters showed similar patterns of devia- the initial calibration.

When it is not possible to recap- tions from actual temperature as the original transmit- ture birds, then our data suggest that Tb predicted by ters suggests that our findings cannot be attributed to pulse periods are reliable up to 9—12 days after the ini- ageing of the batteries.

Alternatively, if the magni- Discussion tude of drift is known, as predicted by calibrations of a We evaluated the performance of small temperature- series of transmitters simultaneously run during the pe- sensitive radio transmitters commonly used in studies riod when other transmitters are implanted, then data of Tb on free-living animals. We have shown that trust- can perhaps be corrected.

We rec- pulse period.