The mating and breeding of poultry pdf

At time of reaching of selection limit or selection plateau, status and condition is maintained to obtain highest production for some period and selection with breeding system in opposite direction can be adopted to avoid drastic deterioration of genetic composition which may result in sudden drop in productive performance.

Therefore, the breeding systems used in any breeding programme should have the following objectives:. Increase in homozygosity which constitutes inbreeding, ii. Increase in heterozygosity which involves outbreeding. Maintain the status quo position which is done by random mating. Ultimate result of breeding in term of genetic language is alteration of gene and genotype frequency, either in forward or backward direction as per desire and requirement.

Systems to Enhance Homozygosity Any breeding system that increases homozygosity within breed or variety is known as inbreeding or rather to increase homozygosity inbreeding is adopted. Inbreeding is mating of closely related individuals wherein relationship is more close than the average of population. In inbreeding there will be one or more common ancestors from which part of gene samples gametes are drawn. Depending on closeness of relationship among the individuals, inbreeding can be grouped into three types, viz, close inbreeding, line breeding, and foi!

Close inbreeding The mating of parent and progeny of mating between sibs is known as close inbreeding. This is followed for formation of inbreed lines and if relationship is less closer than that of cousins then inbreeding effect is very mild which cannot be counted also. As stated earlier with breeding of close relative the heterozygosity can be brought down to per cent or even below it in generations.

Line Breeding It is inbreeding within the highly admired sire or dam ancestoral line to increase number of individuals of outstanding male or female in population. The daughters of different generations are mated back to outstanding sire or sons of various generations are mated back to outstanding sire or dam, so that resultant progeny has more and more percentage of genes of these outstanding parents. An inbred line should have at least 50 per cent inbreeding co-efficient.

Mating of full sister-brother for three generations or of half, brother-sister for six generations can produce inbred line with 50 per cent inbreeding co-efficient.

Formation of Strain This involves mating of double cousins, hence it is called as milder form of inbreeding. This is done to establish high productive traits in population to use it for production of commercials. It is adopted within the breed, so that selection can be carried out within and between strains to evolve better commercials.

It also reduces heterozygosity but a slower rate than close or line breeding. Heritability :. In terms of real genetic language the ratio of additive genetic variance to total phenotypic variance is heritability, i. The improvement in progeny is fast, when heritability of that character is high and vice-versa.

But inspite low heritability, a significant improvement in specific character can be achieved by using suitable selection procedures. Heterosis can arise from out-crossing in between various lines of same breed or strain crossing or cross-breeding. Selection pressure : The rigidity or intensity of selection is known as selection pressure. It is designated in terms of percentage of flock retained for breeding purpose. Higher the percentage of flock retension, lower will be the selection pressure and vice-versa.

For example, selection pressure will be much more, when superior 15 per cent birds in flock are retained for breeding as compared to 50 per cent use of birds as parents. Sexual maturity: The age of laying first egg or the distance between day of hatch and first egg laid, is termed as sexual maturity. Earlier is the sexual maturity, more productive the bird is because it gets additional period to lay in its laying cycle of year.

But some times in specific breeds pullets are presented from early sexual maturity to avoid production of smaller size eggs, egg bounds and prolapse before proper development of body. Intensity of lay: It is capacity of bird to lay in defined period of time. It can also be termed as rate of lay and what breeder is interested is high intensity of lay, which is the ability to lay at rapid rate.

The better is intensity of lay, the more will be financial returns. In this connection the size of clutch is important. The number of eggs laid on consecutive days without gap, is known as clutch. The longer is the clutch size, the higher will be theintensity of lay.

One way of measuring intensity of lay is to calculate simple percentage of production while other way is the size of clutch.

It is important genetic trait but management also governs intensity of lay. Precosity: It can be defined as early sexual maturity. Persistency: The ability of hen to continue laying for longer period in her first laying cycle. In other words it is measure of length of Laying year of hen.

The laying is generally terminated by moult in late summer. The longer is the length of laying cycle, more persistent the hen is. Once again it is important genetic trait associated with egg production.

Small chicken breeds are ideal for raising in small backyards. With many homeowners or renters …. Your email address will not be published.

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This book contains classic material dating back to the s and before. The content has been carefully selected for its interest and relevance to a modern audience. Each publication has been professionally curated and includes all details on the original source material.

This particular instalment, "The Poultry Breeding Manual" contains information on breeds, biology, hatching and much more. It is intended to illustrate the main aspects of poultry breeding and serves as a guide for anyone wishing to obtain a general knowledge of the subject and understand the field in its historical context. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.

Breeding also serves as an outlet for artistic expression by allowing the breeder to mold shape and color combination to meet his or her ideal. This informative guide covers an enormous range of topics, including: the principles of breeding, breeding for increased production, classes of poultry, and preparing fowl for show. Complete with numerous line illustrations, this book provides you with all the information and know-how you'll need to become an expert poultry breeder and caregiver.

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Lists with This Book. This book is not yet featured on Listopia. Add this book to your favorite list ». Community Reviews. Showing Average rating 4. Rating details. More filters. Sort order. Start your review of The Mating and Breeding of Poultry. May 15, Joseph rated it it was amazing. This is an excellent foundational source for those considering skillful poultry breeding.

Although it is not an exhaustive work per se, it is a strong overview of all APA breeds extant at the time of publication. Certainly recommended. Knarc rated it it was amazing May 29, Bill Dyke rated it it was amazing Jul 10,